9+ Ways to FaceTime with Android (Easy!)


9+ Ways to FaceTime with Android (Easy!)

Establishing video communication between Apple’s FaceTime platform and Android devices necessitates employing alternative methods. FaceTime, natively exclusive to Apple devices, does not offer direct compatibility with Android operating systems. Therefore, bridging this gap requires utilizing third-party applications that support cross-platform video calling. For instance, individuals can employ applications such as Google Meet, Zoom, or WhatsApp to achieve video communication between iOS and Android users. These applications function independently of FaceTime and offer their own unique features and functionalities.

The capacity to connect users across different operating systems significantly expands the reach of video communication. It removes the limitation of platform-specific communication tools and fosters greater inclusivity. This interoperability is especially valuable in professional settings where team members may utilize diverse devices. Historically, proprietary communication protocols hindered seamless cross-platform interactions. The advent of standardized video conferencing technologies has addressed this challenge, enabling broader accessibility and enhanced communication efficiency.

The subsequent discussion will delve into specific methods and applications available for facilitating video calls between iOS and Android devices, outlining their respective setup processes, features, and potential limitations. It will also address considerations related to data privacy and security when utilizing these third-party applications.

1. Alternative applications

The phrase “how do you facetime with an android” inherently necessitates the examination of alternative applications. Since direct FaceTime functionality is unavailable on Android operating systems, users must rely on third-party applications that support cross-platform video communication. The absence of native compatibility creates a direct causal link; the desire to achieve video communication between iOS and Android devices results in the adoption of these alternatives.

These alternative applications, such as Google Meet, Zoom, and WhatsApp, function as bridges across different operating systems. Each application presents its own unique set of features, requiring users to understand their nuances in order to effectively communicate. For instance, Google Meet is often integrated with Google accounts, facilitating ease of use for users already within the Google ecosystem. Zoom, known for its conferencing capabilities, offers robust tools for larger group video calls. WhatsApp, primarily a messaging application, also provides video calling functionality, leveraging its established user base and end-to-end encryption. The ability to generate and share call links is a common feature across these alternatives, simplifying the process of initiating video calls with users on different platforms. The selection of a specific application often depends on individual preferences, existing application usage, and the specific features required for a given communication context.

The reliance on alternative applications underscores the importance of interoperability in modern communication. While FaceTime remains a proprietary platform, the demand for cross-platform communication necessitates the use of alternative solutions. Understanding the functionalities and limitations of these alternatives is crucial for effective video communication between iOS and Android users, ultimately ensuring accessibility and inclusivity in a technologically diverse environment.

2. Cross-platform compatibility

The phrase “how do you facetime with an android” directly implies a need for cross-platform compatibility. Because Apple’s FaceTime is natively exclusive to iOS devices, the ability to video call an Android user necessitates the use of applications designed to function across different operating systems. The absence of native compatibility between FaceTime and Android devices creates a direct dependency on solutions offering cross-platform functionality. Without such compatibility, the stated objective of initiating a video call from an iOS device to an Android device becomes fundamentally impossible. Applications such as Google Meet, Zoom, and WhatsApp, by design, circumvent the limitations imposed by platform exclusivity and offer mechanisms for connecting users regardless of their operating system.

The practical significance of cross-platform compatibility extends beyond mere technical functionality. It addresses a fundamental need for universal communication in an increasingly diverse technological landscape. Consider professional settings where team members may utilize both iOS and Android devices. The reliance on platform-specific communication tools would introduce barriers and inefficiencies. Cross-platform applications provide a standardized medium, ensuring that all users can participate in video calls regardless of their device preference. Furthermore, the adoption of such applications promotes inclusivity, enabling individuals with different technological affiliations to connect seamlessly. The capacity to generate and share call links further simplifies the process, enabling users to easily invite others to join video calls, regardless of their device.

In summary, cross-platform compatibility is not merely a desirable feature; it is a prerequisite for realizing the objective implied by the query “how do you facetime with an android.” Alternative applications that offer cross-platform video calling capabilities bridge the gap created by the inherent limitations of FaceTime. The adoption of these applications promotes accessibility, inclusivity, and efficiency in communication across diverse technological environments, addressing the fundamental need for universal connectivity. The continued evolution of these cross-platform solutions signifies an ongoing effort to break down barriers and foster seamless communication, irrespective of device or operating system.

3. Google Meet

Google Meet serves as a prominent alternative for video communication between iOS and Android devices, addressing the query of how to achieve FaceTime-like functionality on Android. As a platform-agnostic solution, Google Meet bridges the gap created by the inherent limitations of FaceTime’s exclusive availability on Apple products. Its cross-platform nature makes it a key component in enabling video calls between users on different operating systems.

  • Cross-Platform Accessibility

    Google Meet functions seamlessly across iOS and Android platforms via dedicated mobile applications or through web browsers. This ubiquity ensures that users on either operating system can join or initiate video calls without requiring specific device types. This is crucial when discussing “how do you facetime with an android” as it removes platform-based barriers.

  • Link-Based Invitations

    The platform employs a link-based invitation system, allowing users to share a unique URL to initiate or schedule a meeting. Recipients can join the call directly through the link, eliminating the need for complex account setups or device-specific configurations. This streamlined approach facilitates ease of use, mirroring the simplicity sought by those asking “how do you facetime with an android.”

  • Integration with Google Ecosystem

    Google Meet is deeply integrated with the Google ecosystem, including Google Calendar and Gmail. This integration simplifies scheduling, notification, and participation in video calls. Calendar events can include Meet links, and Gmail users can initiate meetings directly from their inboxes. This integration provides an additional layer of convenience beyond the question of “how do you facetime with an android,” offering wider functionality.

  • Feature Parity

    Google Meet provides core video conferencing features such as screen sharing, background blurring, and in-meeting chat on both iOS and Android. This functional parity ensures a consistent user experience regardless of the device used, which is essential when addressing the differences inherent in “how do you facetime with an android” scenarios.

In conclusion, Google Meet effectively answers the implicit question posed by “how do you facetime with an android” by offering a feature-rich, cross-platform video communication solution. Its accessibility, ease of use, integration with the Google ecosystem, and feature parity across devices make it a viable alternative to FaceTime for users seeking video communication capabilities on Android devices. The application’s widespread adoption and consistent functionality further solidify its role as a leading platform for cross-platform video calls.

4. Zoom alternatives

The necessity for “Zoom alternatives” emerges directly from the limitations of FaceTime in relation to Android devices; specifically, addressing the “how do you facetime with an android” query. FaceTime, being an exclusive application for Apple’s ecosystem, inherently precludes direct use on Android. Therefore, to achieve comparable video communication functionality between iOS and Android, individuals are compelled to explore and utilize alternatives to both FaceTime and, by extension, Zoom. These alternatives constitute a crucial component in bridging the interoperability gap. The core issue is not simply accessing video communication, but facilitating that communication across divergent operating systems. The demand for cross-platform connectivity necessitates alternatives. Google Meet, Skype, and WhatsApp represent viable solutions; their functionality transcends platform limitations, enabling video calls between iOS and Android devices. A real-life example would be a family residing in different regions, some using iPhones and others Android phones. To coordinate a video call, they cannot rely on FaceTime alone; instead, they must adopt a cross-platform solution like Google Meet.

The practical significance of understanding “Zoom alternatives” in the context of “how do you facetime with an android” lies in enabling users to make informed decisions about their communication tools. Each alternative offers distinct features and advantages. For instance, Google Meet is often preferred for its seamless integration with Google Workspace, while WhatsApp is favored for its widespread use and end-to-end encryption. The ability to generate and share call links is a common feature among these alternatives, simplifying the process of initiating video calls. Consider a professional scenario where a team collaborates using both iOS and Android devices. The team lead needs to organize a video conference. If some members use Android, applications like Zoom (if specific features are not vital) and, more likely, Google Meet would become indispensable. Ignoring these alternative options limits the team’s capacity for efficient and inclusive communication. The implications also affect security considerations; some alternatives emphasize privacy features more robustly than others.

In summary, the exploration of “Zoom alternatives” directly addresses the problem posed by “how do you facetime with an android.” Since FaceTime is unavailable on Android, identifying and understanding the functionalities of these alternatives becomes essential for achieving cross-platform video communication. Google Meet, Skype, and WhatsApp provide accessible solutions, each with specific strengths and features. The challenge lies in selecting the appropriate application based on specific user needs and security requirements. The broader theme revolves around the increasing demand for interoperability in modern communication, where platform-specific limitations impede seamless interaction. Understanding these alternatives, therefore, empowers users to overcome those limitations and engage in video communication, irrespective of their device or operating system.

5. WhatsApp video

WhatsApp video functionality presents a relevant solution for individuals seeking methods analogous to FaceTime on Android devices. As FaceTime is exclusive to the Apple ecosystem, WhatsApp provides a cross-platform alternative for video communication, thereby addressing the core issue of achieving video calls between iOS and Android users.

  • Cross-Platform Availability

    WhatsApp operates seamlessly across both iOS and Android platforms. This cross-platform nature allows users on either operating system to initiate and receive video calls without requiring specialized hardware or software. The application’s widespread availability removes a key barrier to communication between users on different mobile ecosystems. An example is a user with an iPhone initiating a video call with a family member using an Android device; WhatsApp facilitates this communication directly.

  • End-to-End Encryption

    WhatsApp incorporates end-to-end encryption for its video calls, ensuring privacy and security of communication. This encryption prevents third parties from accessing or intercepting the content of video calls. This facet provides a heightened level of security often sought by users concerned with data privacy, offering a secure alternative to less protected methods. A business professional can conduct sensitive discussions knowing communications are encrypted.

  • Ease of Use and Accessibility

    WhatsApp’s user-friendly interface simplifies the process of initiating and receiving video calls. The application’s intuitive design makes it accessible to a broad range of users, regardless of their technical proficiency. This characteristic is particularly relevant for users seeking a straightforward alternative to FaceTime. A grandparent can easily video call a grandchild using WhatsApp due to its straightforward interface.

  • Data Usage Considerations

    WhatsApp video calls can consume significant amounts of mobile data, particularly on cellular networks. Users should be mindful of data limits and consider utilizing Wi-Fi connections to minimize data charges. The amount of data consumed during video calls can vary depending on call quality settings. Users with limited data plans should be aware of these considerations, especially in contexts where Wi-Fi access is not consistently available.

The multifaceted nature of WhatsApp video functionality directly corresponds to the challenges presented in achieving FaceTime-like capabilities on Android devices. Its cross-platform availability, end-to-end encryption, ease of use, and data usage considerations collectively position it as a viable solution for video communication between iOS and Android users. Furthermore, its established user base and widespread adoption render it a practical and accessible option for individuals seeking alternative video calling methods.

6. Link sharing

Link sharing represents a crucial mechanism in facilitating video communication between iOS and Android devices, particularly when addressing the question of how to replicate FaceTime functionality on Android. The limitations imposed by FaceTime’s platform exclusivity necessitate alternative methods for initiating and joining video calls across different operating systems. Link sharing addresses this directly.

  • Generation of Call Invitations

    Link sharing provides a straightforward method for generating invitations to video calls. Applications like Google Meet, Zoom, and WhatsApp enable users to create a unique URL that serves as an invitation to join a specific video call. This link can then be shared via various communication channels, such as email, SMS, or instant messaging. A project manager can generate a meeting link via Google Meet and share that link with team members, irrespective of their device’s operating system.

  • Simplified Access for Participants

    Recipients of the shared link can join the video call with minimal effort. Clicking the link typically redirects the user to the appropriate application or web browser interface, eliminating the need for manual entry of meeting IDs or passwords. This streamlined access significantly reduces the barriers to participation. A consultant receiving a Zoom meeting link can simply click the link to join, even if they have never used Zoom before.

  • Circumventing Platform Restrictions

    Link sharing circumvents the inherent restrictions imposed by platform-specific video calling services like FaceTime. Instead of requiring all participants to use the same operating system, link sharing allows users on iOS and Android to connect seamlessly. This is essential for bridging the interoperability gap. An educational institution conducting remote classes can use Google Meet to share links to lectures, enabling students with iPhones and Android phones to attend the same lecture without compatibility issues.

  • Flexibility in Communication Methods

    Link sharing offers flexibility in how invitations are disseminated. Users can choose the most convenient communication channel to share the link, accommodating diverse preferences and technological infrastructures. This adaptability enhances accessibility. A community organizer can use WhatsApp to share a link to a community meeting with participants who primarily use that messaging platform.

The reliance on link sharing underscores the importance of standardized and accessible communication protocols in an increasingly diverse technological landscape. While FaceTime remains a proprietary platform, the demand for cross-platform communication necessitates the use of alternative methods that enable seamless connectivity. The ability to generate and share call links across different operating systems is essential for achieving the objective of video communication between iOS and Android devices, ultimately fostering greater accessibility and inclusivity.

7. Account creation

The necessity for account creation is a direct consequence of the absence of native FaceTime functionality on Android devices. Addressing the inquiry of “how do you facetime with an android” inherently involves the adoption of alternative, cross-platform video communication services, each of which typically mandates user account creation as a prerequisite for access and utilization.

  • Access to Cross-Platform Services

    To leverage alternatives like Google Meet, Zoom, Skype, or WhatsApp for video communication between iOS and Android devices, users must first establish an account with the respective service. This account serves as a verified identity, enabling the service to authenticate the user and grant access to its features. Without an account, users cannot initiate or participate in video calls. A professional seeking to use Google Meet for a meeting involving both iPhone and Android users must first create a Google account to use Meet’s services.

  • Contact Management and Synchronization

    Account creation typically facilitates the management and synchronization of contacts across different devices and platforms. This feature enables users to easily identify and connect with individuals within their network, irrespective of their device’s operating system. This centralized contact management enhances the user experience and simplifies the process of initiating video calls. A user creating a WhatsApp account can synchronize their phone contacts, allowing them to easily identify which contacts also use WhatsApp for video calls.

  • Customization and Personalization

    User accounts often allow for the customization and personalization of the video communication experience. Users can configure settings such as profile information, notification preferences, and video quality options. This level of personalization enhances user satisfaction and optimizes the communication experience to individual preferences. Users can adjust their Zoom account settings to use virtual backgrounds or customize their video resolution during calls.

  • Data Security and Privacy

    The creation and management of user accounts are intrinsically linked to data security and privacy considerations. Service providers implement security measures to protect user account information and prevent unauthorized access. Users are often encouraged to employ strong passwords and enable multi-factor authentication to further safeguard their accounts. It’s important for users to review the privacy policies of each service to understand how their data is handled. Users creating a Skype account should be aware of Microsoft’s privacy policies regarding the collection and use of user data.

In conclusion, account creation is an unavoidable step in achieving video communication between iOS and Android devices using alternative services. It provides access to cross-platform functionality, enables contact management, allows for personalization, and addresses data security considerations. The need for account creation directly stems from the lack of native FaceTime support on Android and underscores the reliance on third-party services to bridge the interoperability gap. Understanding the implications of account creation is essential for effectively addressing the question of “how do you facetime with an android” and engaging in cross-platform video communication.

8. Data security

The matter of data security assumes paramount importance when addressing the question of achieving FaceTime-like functionality on Android devices. Since native FaceTime is exclusive to Apple’s ecosystem, utilizing alternative cross-platform video communication applications becomes essential. The use of such applications introduces new data security considerations that must be carefully examined.

  • Encryption Protocols

    Cross-platform video applications employ various encryption protocols to safeguard data transmitted during video calls. End-to-end encryption, where only the sender and receiver can decrypt the data, provides a higher level of security compared to other methods. The strength and implementation of these protocols directly impact the confidentiality of communications. For example, WhatsApp utilizes end-to-end encryption by default, while other applications might offer it as an option. Users must evaluate the encryption methods used by each application when choosing an alternative to FaceTime on Android.

  • Data Storage and Handling

    Applications often store user data, including call logs, contacts, and profile information, on their servers. The security measures implemented to protect this data are critical. Data breaches can expose sensitive information, compromising user privacy. Users should review the data storage policies of each application, understanding where their data is stored and how it is protected. For instance, some applications may store data in geographically diverse locations, potentially subject to different legal jurisdictions. Understanding these practices is crucial when selecting a video communication solution for Android.

  • Third-Party Access and Integration

    Many cross-platform video applications integrate with third-party services, such as cloud storage or calendar applications. These integrations can create additional data security risks. Users must assess the security practices of these third-party providers and understand how they interact with the video communication application. For example, granting a video application access to a cloud storage account could expose sensitive files to unauthorized access. Users should exercise caution when granting permissions and review the security policies of all integrated services.

  • Application Permissions

    Android applications require specific permissions to access device resources, such as the camera, microphone, and contacts. These permissions can potentially be exploited to collect sensitive data. Users should carefully review the permissions requested by each video communication application and revoke any unnecessary permissions. Overly permissive applications may pose a greater security risk. Regularly reviewing and managing application permissions is an essential step in protecting data security when using cross-platform video calling solutions on Android.

In conclusion, the selection of an alternative to FaceTime on Android requires careful consideration of data security practices. Evaluating encryption protocols, data storage policies, third-party integrations, and application permissions is essential for protecting user privacy and confidentiality. Users should prioritize applications that employ robust security measures and transparent data handling practices to mitigate potential risks. Ignoring these considerations exposes users to potential data breaches and compromises the security of their communications.

9. Call initiation

The process of call initiation is central to addressing the question of how to replicate FaceTime functionality on Android devices. Given FaceTime’s exclusivity to the Apple ecosystem, initiating a video call from an iOS device to an Android device requires the utilization of alternative, cross-platform services. The mechanisms and protocols employed for call initiation within these alternative applications are therefore critical.

  • Contact Selection and Application Launch

    The initial step in call initiation typically involves selecting a contact within the chosen video communication application (e.g., Google Meet, Zoom, WhatsApp). This contact selection may occur through a built-in contact list or by directly entering a phone number or email address. Following contact selection, the user initiates the video call function, prompting the application to establish a connection with the recipient. For example, a user on an iPhone opens WhatsApp, selects a contact using an Android phone, and presses the video call button to begin the call initiation process.

  • Link Generation and Distribution

    Many cross-platform video calling services utilize a link-based invitation system for call initiation. The initiator generates a unique URL associated with the video call and distributes this link to intended participants via email, SMS, or other messaging platforms. Recipients click the link to join the video call, bypassing the need for manual entry of meeting IDs or passwords. A meeting organizer using Zoom may generate a meeting link and send it to both iOS and Android users, enabling them to join the video call by simply clicking the link.

  • Notification and Acceptance Protocols

    Upon call initiation, the recipient’s device receives a notification indicating an incoming video call. The recipient then has the option to accept or decline the call. Acceptance of the call establishes a real-time video and audio connection between the devices. The notification protocols vary depending on the application and operating system. An Android user receives a Google Meet notification when an iPhone user initiates a video call. The Android user can then tap the notification to accept or decline the call.

  • Network Connectivity and Compatibility

    Successful call initiation hinges on stable network connectivity and compatibility between the devices and the video communication application. Insufficient bandwidth or network interruptions can impede the call initiation process. Furthermore, disparities in application versions or operating system compatibility may prevent successful connection. Ensuring both devices have a stable internet connection and compatible versions of the video calling application is crucial for a seamless call initiation experience. A user attempting to initiate a WhatsApp video call from an iPhone to an Android device with a poor internet connection may experience delays or call failures.

The various facets of call initiation underscore the complexities involved in replicating FaceTime-like functionality on Android devices. The reliance on alternative applications, coupled with varying protocols for contact selection, link generation, notification, and network connectivity, necessitates a nuanced understanding of the processes involved. Ultimately, successful call initiation hinges on seamless cross-platform compatibility and reliable network performance, enabling video communication between iOS and Android users despite the inherent limitations of FaceTime’s platform exclusivity.

Frequently Asked Questions Regarding Video Communication Between iOS and Android Devices

This section addresses common inquiries concerning the feasibility of direct FaceTime usage on Android devices and outlines alternative methods for achieving cross-platform video communication.

Question 1: Is direct FaceTime functionality available on Android devices?

No, direct FaceTime functionality is not available on Android devices. FaceTime is a proprietary video calling service exclusive to Apple’s ecosystem. Android devices cannot natively access or utilize FaceTime without employing alternative methods.

Question 2: What are the alternative methods for video calling between iOS and Android devices?

Alternative methods include utilizing cross-platform video calling applications such as Google Meet, Zoom, Skype, and WhatsApp. These applications offer video calling functionality on both iOS and Android operating systems, enabling communication between users on different devices.

Question 3: Do these alternative applications require account creation?

Yes, most cross-platform video calling applications require the creation of a user account. This account serves as a verified identity, enabling the service to authenticate the user and grant access to its features. Account creation typically involves providing an email address or phone number and creating a password.

Question 4: Are video calls initiated through these alternative applications encrypted?

The level of encryption varies depending on the application. Some applications, such as WhatsApp, employ end-to-end encryption for video calls, ensuring that only the sender and receiver can decrypt the data. Other applications may use different encryption methods, which offer varying levels of security. Users should consult the application’s documentation to understand the encryption protocols in use.

Question 5: How does one initiate a video call from an iPhone to an Android device using these alternatives?

The process typically involves selecting a contact within the chosen video communication application, initiating the video call function, and allowing the recipient to accept or decline the call. Some applications also offer link-based invitations, where a unique URL is generated and shared with the intended recipient, enabling them to join the video call by simply clicking the link.

Question 6: What are the data security considerations when using alternative video calling applications?

Data security considerations include evaluating the application’s encryption protocols, data storage policies, third-party integrations, and application permissions. Users should prioritize applications that employ robust security measures and transparent data handling practices to mitigate potential risks.

In summary, while direct FaceTime usage is not possible on Android devices, alternative cross-platform video calling applications provide viable solutions for communication between iOS and Android users. Careful consideration of account creation, encryption protocols, and data security practices is essential for a secure and seamless experience.

The subsequent section will address troubleshooting common issues encountered when using these alternative video calling methods.

Tips for Seamless Cross-Platform Video Communication

The following guidelines are intended to optimize the experience of video calling between iOS and Android devices, addressing the core issue of achieving “how do you facetime with an android”. Given the absence of native FaceTime compatibility on Android, these tips focus on best practices when utilizing alternative cross-platform solutions.

Tip 1: Select a Compatible Application: Prioritize video communication applications designed for cross-platform functionality. Google Meet, Zoom, Skype, and WhatsApp represent viable options. Verify that the chosen application offers feature parity across iOS and Android to ensure a consistent experience for all participants.

Tip 2: Verify Network Connectivity: Ensure both iOS and Android devices possess stable and reliable network connections, preferably Wi-Fi. Suboptimal network conditions can lead to dropped calls, poor video quality, and audio disruptions. Test the connection speed prior to initiating or joining video calls.

Tip 3: Manage Application Permissions: Review and manage application permissions on both devices. Grant only necessary permissions to the video communication application, minimizing potential data security risks. Disable access to features such as location services if not required.

Tip 4: Update Application Software: Maintain the video communication application and operating systems on both iOS and Android devices. Software updates often include performance enhancements, bug fixes, and security patches that improve stability and security.

Tip 5: Employ Headsets or External Microphones: Enhance audio quality by utilizing headsets or external microphones. Internal microphones can be susceptible to background noise and echo. External audio devices provide improved clarity and reduce distractions.

Tip 6: Familiarize With Application-Specific Features: Take the time to learn the nuances of the selected video communication application. Understand how to use features such as screen sharing, background blurring, and in-meeting chat to enhance the communication experience.

Tip 7: Consider Data Consumption: Be mindful of data consumption, especially when using cellular networks. Video calls can consume significant amounts of data. Adjust video quality settings to reduce data usage if necessary or utilize Wi-Fi networks whenever possible.

Effective utilization of these tips enhances the reliability and quality of video communication between iOS and Android devices, mitigating the limitations imposed by FaceTime’s platform exclusivity. A deliberate approach to application selection, network management, security practices, and application updates is paramount.

The concluding section will summarize the core principles for achieving effective video communication between iOS and Android devices, building upon the insights provided throughout this guide.

Concluding Remarks on Cross-Platform Video Communication

This exploration has rigorously examined the issue of “how do you facetime with an android.” The inherent incompatibility between Apple’s FaceTime and Android operating systems necessitates the adoption of alternative, cross-platform video communication solutions. Key points include the crucial role of applications like Google Meet, Zoom, and WhatsApp in bridging this gap. User account creation, data security considerations, network connectivity, and optimized application settings are vital factors that directly influence the quality and security of cross-platform video calls. Understanding the nuanced functionalities and limitations of these alternative applications enables individuals and organizations to establish effective communication channels across diverse technological environments.

The continued evolution of communication technologies underscores the growing importance of interoperability. As the landscape of digital communication continues to diversify, a proactive approach to understanding and implementing cross-platform solutions remains essential. Users are encouraged to critically evaluate available options, prioritize data security, and maintain awareness of emerging technological advancements to ensure seamless and secure video communication experiences across all devices.